二一十进制计数器二一十进制计数器是用二进制计数单元构成的十进制计数器。图中由4个J-K触发器构成8421编码二一十进制计数器。触发器F4的计数脉冲来自Q1，它的两J输入端分别接到Q2和Q3。在F4触发器置“0”后，欲翻转为“1”状态，必须在第8个脉冲后沿到来后，即F4输出Q4后才能由“0”变为“1”。第9个脉冲输入后，计数器计数状态从1000变为1001。第10个脉冲输入后计数器状态变成0000。绘制时应注意：符号统一同一元器件在同一电路，同一张逻辑图中不能出现两种符号。
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1：将配电柜后板拆出，按照图纸布局安装线槽及导轨，横平竖直，导轨两头与线槽缝隙不得大于2MM（线槽内安装扎线扣）。2：确认元器件型号，按照图纸布局排放元器件并贴上标签。3：接线时须强弱电分开走，避免干扰。4：号码管字体方向大小必须统一（由左往右看，由下往上看）。5：压线时线鼻子必须压紧。元器件接线时按照螺丝的顺时针方向拧紧，拧紧后用手拉一下，检查是否会脱落。一个接线孔多只能接2根线。6：电线颜色使用根据图纸或者客户要求，如果没有要求就使用公司标准：（380VA黄B绿C红N蓝PE黄绿，220V火线黑色零线浅蓝色，24v+棕色0v深蓝色）7：接线完成检查没有错误后装入配电柜，接线过门时须留有弧度，并套缠绕管保护。

下面简单介绍一下几种常见场效应管封装形式及引脚分布规律金属封装的3根引脚的场效应管，3DJ2型，管壳上有一个突出的尖，将引脚朝上，从突出部分开始顺时针方向依次为D,S,G极，其中D,S极可互换。金属封装的双栅结型场效应管，4DJ2型（4表示它有4个有效电极，分别是D,S,G1,G2，其中G1和G2是两个栅极），管壳上也有突出尖，以该凸出部分开始顺时针方向依次为D,G1,S,G2。金属封装的结型场效应管，6DJ6~8型（6表示它有D1,S1,G1,D2,S2,G2六个有效电极）。

使用外加电阻的驱动：步进电机的绕组使用粗导线时，线圈电阻Rw值很小，如下图所示。在各相线圈中，串联外部电阻R，为的是限制绕组流过的电流小于额定电流I。限制绕组流过电流的方法，可采用降低电源电压和串联外部电阻R的两种方法。假设步进电机的线圈电感为L，绕组电阻为Rw电气时间常数为τ，外加电阻R时，电气时间常数公式如下：外加电阻使时间常数τ变小，电流上升比较快，从而使步进电机的驱动脉冲频率变快，上图所示为无外部电阻与带外部电阻R的电流上升曲线的比较，t1时刻，没有电阻R时，电流只上升到I1，有电阻R时，电流上升到I2，使高速时的转矩得到很大的改善；缺点是铜耗增大。
CPU的工作原理让我们通过一个具体运算3+4，来说明CPU的操作过程吧。假设保存在内存中的程序和数据如下。步骤1：当程序被执行时，CPU就读取当前PC指向的地址0000中的指令（该操作称为指令读取）。经过电路解读后，这条指令的意思是“读取0100地址中的内容，然后，保存到寄存器1”。于是CPU就执行指令，从0100地址中读取数据，存入寄存器1。寄存器1：03（由0变为3）由于执行了1条指令，PC的值变为0001步骤2：由于PC的值为0001，因此CPU就读取0001地址中的指令，经电路后，CPU执行该指令。